Pulmonary Hypertension in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pulmonary and cardiac manifestations (Table 1) are common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). They occur in the vast majority of patients, and as a result, patients with SLE have a marked decrease in exercise compared with controls.
Pulmonary Hypertension and the Antiphospholipid Syndrome Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) have been implicated in the development of both idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and PAH associated with connective tissue disease (CTD) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
Scleroderma Associated Pulmonary Hypertension With the introduction of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors as an effective therapy for scleroderma renal crisis, pulmonary hypertension is now one of the leading causes of scleroderma-related deaths.
